鉆(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)是指利用(yong)機(ji)械(xie)設備或人力(li)從(cong)地面將地層(ceng)(ceng)鉆(zhan)(zhan)成孔眼的工作稱為鉆(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)。通常指勘探(tan)(tan)或石油氣(qi)等液態和氣(qi)態礦(kuang)產而鉆(zhan)(zhan)鑿井(jing)(jing)眼及大直徑(jing)供水井(jing)(jing)的工程。常用(yong)的鉆(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)頓鉆(zhan)(zhan)又稱沖擊鉆(zhan)(zhan)。用(yong)鋼絲繩(sheng)(sheng)把頓鉆(zhan)(zhan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)頭送到井(jing)(jing)底(di)，由動(dong)力(li)驅動(dong)游梁機(ji)構，使游梁一端上下運動(dong)，并帶動(dong)鋼絲繩(sheng)(sheng)和鉆(zhan)(zhan)頭產生上下沖擊作用(yong)，使巖石破碎。頓鉆(zhan)(zhan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)速(su)慢(man)，效率低，不能適應(ying)日益的井(jing)(jing)深和復雜(za)地層(ceng)(ceng)的鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)要求，逐漸被鉆(zhan)(zhan)代替(ti)。但它有設備簡單(dan)，成本低，不污染油層(ceng)(ceng)等優點，可用(yong)于一些(xie)淺(qian)的低壓油氣(qi)井(jing)(jing)漏失井(jing)(jing)等。

　　水(shui)文地質人員首先(xian)得(de)根據巖(yan)石(shi)的(de)走向、當地的(de)地形地貌(mao)，在查閱大量(liang)(liang)水(shui)文地質資(zi)料的(de)基礎上，才能做出是(shi)否有(you)水(shui)的(de)初(chu)步判(pan)(pan)斷。判(pan)(pan)斷大致有(you)三(san)項附近(jin)是(shi)否存(cun)在匯(hui)水(shui)區，附近(jin)的(de)巖(yan)石(shi)縫隙是(shi)否有(you)含水(shui)跡象，附近(jin)是(shi)否有(you)大的(de)斷裂帶。當然，這些外在的(de)特征足夠，也足以讓(rang)一般人難以明白。到(dao)此時，找水(shui)技術人員的(de)工作還遠沒有(you)結束，確定的(de)打(da)井(jing)點，還需要(yao)借(jie)助(zhu)專(zhuan)門的(de)測量(liang)(liang)設備。

　　射孔完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)井(jing)(jing)：是(shi)指(zhi)鉆穿(chuan)(chuan)油(you)(you)(you)氣層(ceng)(ceng)，將油(you)(you)(you)層(ceng)(ceng)套(tao)管下過油(you)(you)(you)氣層(ceng)(ceng)底部，固井(jing)(jing)封隔(ge)油(you)(you)(you)氣層(ceng)(ceng)，再用射孔器射穿(chuan)(chuan)油(you)(you)(you)氣層(ceng)(ceng)井(jing)(jing)段的套(tao)管與水(shui)泥(ni)(ni)環，以形成油(you)(you)(you)氣流(liu)入(ru)井(jing)(jing)內通道的完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)井(jing)(jing)。貫眼(yan)完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)井(jing)(jing)：是(shi)鉆穿(chuan)(chuan)油(you)(you)(you)氣層(ceng)(ceng)后將帶(dai)孔眼(yan)（或割縫）套(tao)下至油(you)(you)(you)氣層(ceng)(ceng)底部，油(you)(you)(you)氣層(ceng)(ceng)以上井(jing)(jing)眼(yan)注(zhu)水(shui)泥(ni)(ni)封隔(ge)的完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)井(jing)(jing)。襯管完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)井(jing)(jing)：是(shi)鉆至油(you)(you)(you)氣層(ceng)(ceng)頂(ding)部、下油(you)(you)(you)層(ceng)(ceng)套(tao)管，注(zhu)水(shui)泥(ni)(ni)封隔(ge)，再用小鉆頭鉆穿(chuan)(chuan)油(you)(you)(you)氣層(ceng)(ceng)，下入(ru)帶(dai)孔眼(yan)（或割縫）的襯管的完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)井(jing)(jing)。